![]() prepared sodium and metallic tin NaĤ/Na through a spontaneous reaction. This thin layer of NiSb regulates the uniform electrochemical plating of Na metal, lowering overpotential and offering dendrite-free plating/stripping of Na metal over 100 h at a high areal capacity of 10 mAh cm −2. reported that a self-regulating alloy interface of nickel antimony (NiSb) was chemically deposited on Na metal during discharge. Alloying sodium metal brings the benefits of regulating sodium-ion transport and shielding the accumulation of electric field at the tip of sodium dendrites. Numerous reports described anode materials storing sodium via alloy reaction and/or conversion reaction. Some sodium titanate phases such as Na 2Ti 3O 7, or NaTiO 2, delivered capacities around 90–180 mAh/g at low working potentials (< 1 V vs Na/Na +), though cycling stability was limited to a few hundred cycles. Low capacities around 100 mAh/g were obtained with relatively high working potentials between 0 – 1.2 V vs Na/Na +. ![]() In 2015 researchers demonstrated that graphite could co-intercalate sodium in ether-based electrolytes. Hard carbon is preferred due to its excellent combination of capacity, (lower) working potentials, and cycling stability. The first sodium-ion cell using hard carbon was demonstrated in 2003 and showed a 3.7 V average voltage during discharge. Graphite anodes for LIBs offer typical capacities of 300–360 mAh/g. It accounts for roughly half of the capacity and a flat potential profile (a potential plateau) below ⁓0.15 V vs Na/Na +. This anode was shown to deliver 300 mAh/g with a sloping potential profile above ⁓0.15 V vs Na/Na +. Hard carbon's ability to absorb sodium was discovered in 2000. SIBs use hard carbon, a disordered carbon material consisting of a non-graphitizable, non-crystalline and amorphous carbon. During discharge, the reverse process occurs.ĭue to the physical and electrochemical properties of sodium, SIBs require materials other than those used for LIBs. During charging, sodium ions move from the cathode to the anode while electrons travel through the external circuit. SIB cells consist of a cathode based on a sodium containing material, an anode (not necessarily a sodium-based material) and a liquid electrolyte containing dissociated sodium salts in polar protic or aprotic solvents. In the early 2010s, sodium-ion batteries experienced a resurgence, driven largely by the increasing cost of lithium-ion battery raw materials. However, by the 1990s, lithium-ion batteries had demonstrated more commercial promise, causing interest in sodium-ion batteries to decline. Sodium-ion battery development took place in the 1970s and early 1980s. placed a 140 Wh/kg sodium-ion battery in an electric test car for the first time, and energy storage manufacturer Pylontech obtained the first sodium-ion battery certificate from TÜV Rheinland. In February 2023, the Chinese HiNa Battery Technology Co., Ltd. However, CATL, the world's biggest battery manufacturer, announced in 2022 the start of mass production of SIBs. Įlectric vehicles using sodium-ion battery packs are not yet commercially available. Challenges to the adoption of SIBs include lower energy density and insufficient charge-discharge cycles. The largest advantage of sodium-ion batteries is the natural abundance of sodium, which can be readily harvested from saltwater. Chief among these are lithium, cobalt, copper and nickel, which are not strictly required for many types of sodium-ion batteries. SIBs received academic and commercial interest in the 2010s and 2020s, largely due to the uneven geographic distribution, high environmental impact, and high cost of many of the materials required for lithium-ion batteries. In some cases, its working principle and cell construction are similar to those of lithium-ion battery (LIB) types, but it replaces lithium with sodium as the cathode material, which belongs to the same group in the periodic table as lithium and thus has similar chemical properties. The sodium-ion battery ( NIB or SIB) is a type of rechargeable battery that uses sodium ions (Na +) as its charge carriers.
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